The effectiveness of the games based learning model in improving students' lower passing skills

Yungmi Muliadi; Muhamad Sazeli Rifki; Eval Edmizal; Sepriadi Sepriadi

doi:10.32698/02322

The effectiveness of the games based learning model in improving students' lower passing skills

Yungmi Muliadi⁽¹⁾, Muhamad Sazeli Rifki⁽²⁾, Eval Edmizal⁽³⁾, Sepriadi Sepriadi⁽⁴⁾,
(1) Universitas Negeri Padang

Indonesia
(2) Universitas Negeri Padang

Indonesia
(3) Universitas Negeri Padang

Indonesia
(4) Universitas Negeri Padang

Indonesia

Corresponding Author

DOI : https://doi.org/10.32698/02322

Full Text:

Language : en

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Games Based Learning (GBL) model in improving volleyball lower passing skills among Grade X students at SMKN 1 Solok Selatan. A quantitative quasi-experimental study employing a Non-equivalent Control Group Pretest–Posttest Design was conducted. The sample consisted of 69 students selected through total sampling, including 35 students in the experimental group and 34 students in the control group. The experimental group received Games Based Learning instruction, while the control group received conventional instruction. Data were collected using a lower passing skills test assessing passing accuracy, strength control, and movement consistency. Data were analyzed using N-Gain analysis, Paired Sample t-tests, and Independent Sample t-tests. The experimental group showed a significant improvement (t = −13.834, p < 0.001) with an N-Gain of 0.5191 (moderate), whereas the control group achieved an N-Gain of 0.2922 (low). A significant difference was found between groups (t = 3.503, p < 0.001). Games Based Learning was more effective than conventional instruction in improving students’ volleyball lower passing skills and is recommended for physical education learning.

Keywords

Games Based Learning; Volleyball; Lower Passing Skills; Physical Education

References

Aini, K. (2021). Improving Passing Skills on Volleyball Using Target Games Approach. Journal Sport Area, 6(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2021.vol6(1).5288

Apidogo, J. B., Burdack, J., & Schöllhorn, W. I. (2021). Repetition without repetition or differential learning of multiple techniques in volleyball? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910499

Astuti, Y., Erianti, E., Lawanis, H., Orhan, B. E., Ikhlas, A., & Govindasamy, K. (2025). Implementing technical training models to enhance basic volleyball skills in students. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, 63, 1075–1083.

Azarpaikan, A., Taherii Torbati, H. R., Sohrabi, M., Boostani, R., & Ghoshuni, M. (2021). The Effect of Parietal and Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Bimanual Coordinated Adaptive Motor Learning. Journal of Psychophysiology, 35(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000254

Barsingerhorn, A. D., Zaal, F. T. J. M., De Poel, H. J., & Pepping, G.-J. (2015). Shaping decisions in volleyball an ecological approach to decision-making in volleyball passing. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 44(3), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP.2013.44.197

Batez, M., Petrušič, T., Bogataj, Š., & Trajković, N. (2021). Effects of teaching program based on teaching games for understanding model on volleyball skills and enjoyment in secondary school students. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020606

Callupe, R. L., Chau, J. M., Garcia, J. G., Chicoma, C. G., Arrese, C. F., Artieda, M. H., Elias, D. A., & Villota, E. R. (2025). Testing protocol for evaluating underhand serve-reception biomechanics in volleyball. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 239(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/17543371221106360

Endriani, D., Sitompul, H., Mursid, R., & Dewi, R. (2022). Development of a Lower Passing Model for Volleyball Based Umbrella Learning Approach. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 10(3), 681–694.

Erianti, Astuti, Y., Lawanis, H., Orhan, B. E., & Govindasamy, K. (2025). Volleyball Basic Abilities Improving With Technical Training Models in the Students. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 13(Special-Issue), 229–232. https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105005523110?origin=resultslist

Formenti, D., Trecroci, A., Duca, M., Vanoni, M., Ciovati, M., Rossi, A., & Alberti, G. (2022). Volleyball-Specific Skills and Cognitive Functions Can Discriminate Players of Different Competitive Levels. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 36(3), 813–819. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003519

Gabbett, T., Georgieff, B., Anderson, S., Cotton, B., Savovic, D., & Nicholson, L. (2006). Changes in skill and physical fitness following training in talent-identified volleyball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-16814.1

Gusthart, J. L., & Kelly, I. W. (1993). Teachers’ instructional variables in volleyball and students’ improvement in motor skill. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76(3 Pt 1), 1015–1024. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.3.1015

Jufri, M. J., Arif, M., Tritama, A. R., & Al-Adhim, H. (2026). The Efforts to Improve Volleyball Underhand Passing Learning Outcomes Through the Problem-Based Learning Model. CORES: Coaching Research & Sport Education Studies, 2(1), 65–74.

Karisman, V. A., & Supriadi, D. (2022). Volleyball passing model through game-based approach. Journal Sport Area, 7(1), 79–88.

Kharisma, Y., Ginanjar, A., Wahyuni, T., & Anggraeni, R. (2025). Enhancing lower passing, confidence, and motivation through cooperative learning: the impact of team game tournaments in volleyball learning. Edu Sportivo: Indonesian Journal of Physical Education, 6(1), 42–51.

Naji, S. A., & Abdulkader, N. K. (2026). The Effectiveness of Using Color Stimuli in Reducing Psychological Stress and Enhancing Motivation in Acquiring Sports Skills. Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, 64–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-17918-0_5

Nasution, M. A. H., Riza, A. R., Simbolon, D. B., Samudra, B., Lubis, I. H., Habibi, M. I., & Ridoh, M. (2025). The Effectiveness of Project Based Learning (PJBL) in Improving Volleyball Upper Passing: A Case Study at SMP Negeri 3 Satu Atap. Journal Coaching Education Sports, 6(1), 48–59.

Nurodin, D., Asmawi, M., Nurfitri, W., Lubis, J., & Humaid, H. (2024). Optimizing Volleyball Bottom Passing Skills: Unveiling the Impact of the STAD Learning Model on Learning Outcomes. KnE Social Sciences, 180–189.

Paulo, A., Davids, K., & Araújo, D. (2018). Co-adaptation of ball reception to the serve constrains outcomes in elite competitive volleyball. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 13(2), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117722727

Paulo, A., Zaal, F. T. J. M., Seifert, L., Fonseca, S., & Araújo, D. (2018). Predicting volleyball serve-reception at group level. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(22), 2621–2630. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1473098

Pellett, T. L., Henschel-Pellett, H. A., & Harrison, J. M. (1994). Influence of ball weight on junior high school girls’ volleyball performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78(3 Pt 2), 1379–1384. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.3c.1379

Pratama, A., Wardiah, D., & Junaidi, I. A. (2023). The application of TGFU learning in volleyball upper passing learning. Journal of Social Work and Science Education, 4(3), 83–89.

Raaiyatini, M. A., Basuki, S., Mashud, M., Pebriyandi, P., & Ridha, S. (2024). Improving Volleyball Lower Passing Skills Through Project-Based Learning Model.

Rifki, M. S., Hanifah, R., Sepdanius, E., Komaini, A., Ilham, Fajri, H. P., & Mario, D. T. (2022). Development of a Volleyball Test Instrument Model. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(4), 807–814. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100421

Salim, F. A., Haider, F., Postma, D., van Delden, R., Reidsma, D., Luz, S., & van Beijnum, B.-J. (2020). Towards Automatic Modeling of Volleyball Players’ Behavior for Analysis, Feedback, and Hybrid Training. Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour, 3(4), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmpb.2020-0012

Saputra, R. B., & Nasrulloh, A. (2023). Development of Volleyball Learning Model to Improve Forearm Passing and Overhead Passing Skills of the Eighth Grade Students. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 6(07), 3109–3114.

Saputra, Y. D. (2026). Development of a Volleyball Service and Passing Technique Learning Model in Physical Education: A Literature Review. Journal of Education and Applied Teaching (JEAT), 2(3), 1715–1722.

Septiyanto, A., Suharjana, & Suryobroto, A. S. (2025). Development of volleyball learning materials based on Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) to improve motivation and learning outcomes; [Trening nerwowomięśniowy, terapia manualna i wzmocnione plastrowanie metodą LowDye w korekcji nadmiernej pronacji stopy przy bólu przedniego przedziału kolana: protokół badania RCT]. Fizjoterapia Polska, 2025(1), 128–137. https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG007D0E1U

Suyatno, S., Wardiah, D., & Hermansah, B. (2023). The effectiveness of learning basic passing techniques under volleyball games for class VIII students of SMP Negeri 02 Martapura East OKU District. J Soc Work Sci Educ, 4(3), 1182–1196.

Syaleh, M., Sari, L. P., Prestifa, G. R., Aristiyanto, A., & Ramadan, R. (2026). The Effectiveness of the STAD Type Cooperative Learning Model in Improving Volleyball Passing Skills. Indonesian Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 6(1), 115–129.

Umar, Alnedral, Ihsan, N., Mario, D. T., & Mardesia, P. (2023). The effect of learning methods and motor skills on the learning outcomes of basic techniques in volleyball. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(9), 2453–2460. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.09282

Utami, I., Burhanuddin, S., & Sahabuddin, S. (2022). Implementation of a scientific approach using problem based learning (PBL) models to improve learning outcomes of overhand pass in volleyball game. COMPETITOR: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga, 14(1), 115–134.